Sex-specific tuning of modular muscle activation patterns for locomotion in young and older adults (Q11983)

There is increasing evidence that including sex as a biological variable is of crucial importance to promote rigorous, repeatable and reproducible science. In spite of this, the body of literature that accounts for the sex of participants in human locomotion studies is small and often produces controversial results. Here, we investigated the modular organization of muscle activation patterns for human locomotion using the concept of muscle synergies with a double purpose: i) uncover possible sex-specific characteristics of motor control and ii) assess whether these are maintained in older age. We recorded electromyographic activities from 13 ipsilateral muscles of the lower limb in young and older adults of both sexes walking (young and old) and running (young) on a treadmill. The data set obtained from the 215 participants was elaborated through non-negative matrix factorization to extract the time-independent (i.e., motor modules) and time-dependent (i.e., motor primitives) coefficients of muscle synergies. We found sparse sex-specific modulations of motor control. Motor modules showed a different contribution of hip extensors, knee extensors and foot dorsiflexors in various synergies. Motor primitives were wider (i.e., lasted longer) in males in the propulsion synergy for walking (but only in young and not in older adults) and in the weight acceptance synergy for running. Moreover, the complexity of motor primitives was similar in younger adults of both sexes, but lower in older females as compared to older males. In essence, our results revealed the existence of small but defined sex-specific differences in the way humans control locomotion and that these strategies are not entirely maintained in older age. In thissupplementary data set we made available: a) the metadata with anonymized participant information; b) the raw EMG, already concatenated for the overground trials; c) the touchdown and lift-off timings of the recorded limb, d) the code to process the data. In total, 520 trials from 215participants are included in the supplementary data set. The file metadata.dat is available in ASCII format and contains: Code: the participants code Group: the participants group (G1=young adults, walking; G2=old adults, walking; G3=young adults, running) Sex: the participants sex (M or F) Locomotion: the type of locomotion (walking or running) Speed: the speed at which the recordings were conducted in [m/s] Speed_type: the distinction between fixed (decided by the researchers) or preferred (selected by the participant) speed Age: the participants age in years Height: the participants height in [cm] Mass: the participants body mass in [kg]. The RAW_DATA.RDataR list consists of elements of S3 class EMG, each of which is a human locomotion trial containing cycle segmentation timings and raw electromyographic (EMG) data from 13 muscles of the right-side leg. Cycle times are structured as data frames containing two columns thatcorrespond to touchdown (first column) and lift-off (second column).Raw EMG data sets are also structured as data frames with one row for each recorded data pointand 14 columns. The first column contains the incremental time in seconds. The remaining 13 columns contain the raw EMG data, named with the following muscle abbreviations:ME = gluteus medius, MA = gluteus maximus, FL = tensor fasci lat, RF = rectus femoris, VM = vastus medialis, VL = vastus lateralis, ST = semitendinosus, BF = biceps femoris, TA = tibialis anterior, PL = peroneus longus, GM = gastrocnemius medialis, GL = gastrocnemius lateralis, SO = soleus. Trials are named like ID0020_M_YOUNG_TW_01, where the charactersID0020 indicate the participant number (in this example the 20th), the characterM indicates the sex,the characters YOUNG indicate the age group, the characters TW indicate the locomotion type and environment (T=treadmill, W=walking, R=running), and the numbers 01 indicate the trial number. Old versions not compatible with the R package musclesyneRgies The files containing the gait cycle breakdown are available in RData format, in the file named CYCLE_TIMES.RData. The files are structured as data frames with one row for each gait cycleand two columns. The first column contains the touchdown incremental times in seconds. The second column contains the duration of each stance phase in seconds. Each trial is saved as an element of a single R list. Trials are named like CYCLE_TIMES_ID0020_M_YOUNG_TW_01, where the characters CYCLE_TIMES indicate that the trial contains the gait cycle breakdown times, the characters ID0020 indicate the participant number (in this example the 20th), the characterM indicates the sex,the characters YOUNG indicate the age group, the characters TW indicate the locomotion type and environment (T=treadmill, W=walking, R=running), and the numbers 01 indicate the trial number. The files containing the raw, filtered, and the normalized EMG data are available in RData format, in the files named RAW_EMG.RData and FILT_EMG.RData. The raw EMG files are structured as data frames with one row for each recorded data pointand 14 columns. The first column contains the incremental time in seconds. The remaining 13 columns contain the raw EMG data, named with the following muscle abbreviations:ME = gluteus medius, MA = gluteus maximus, FL = tensor fasci lat, RF = rectus femoris, VM = vastus medialis, VL = vastus lateralis, ST = semitendinosus, BF = biceps femoris, TA = tibialis anterior, PL = peroneus longus, GM = gastrocnemius medialis, GL = gastrocnemius lateralis, SO = soleus.Each trial is saved as an element of a single R list. Trials are named like RAW_EMG_ID0003_F_OLD_TW_01, where the characters RAW_EMG indicate that the trial contains raw emg data, the characters ID0003 indicate the participant number (in this example the 3rd), the characterF indicates the sex,the characters OLD indicate the age group, the characters TW indicate the locomotion type and environment (see above), and the numbers 01 indicate the trial number. All the code used for the pre-processing of EMG data and the extraction of muscle synergies is available in R format. Explanatory comments are profusely present throughout the script muscle_synergies.R. The latest version of this code can be found athttps://github.com/alesantuz/musclesyneRgies.